diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 033711f3..2d31c678 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -70,11 +70,16 @@ For all build statuses, check our [weekly build project](https://github.com/Neil
 
 https://github.com/Neilpang/acmetest
 
+# Supported CA
+
+- Letsencrypt.org CA(default)
+- [BuyPass.com CA](https://github.com/Neilpang/acme.sh/wiki/BuyPass.com-CA)
 
 # Supported modes
 
 - Webroot mode
 - Standalone mode
+- Standalone tls-alpn mode
 - Apache mode
 - Nginx mode
 - DNS mode
@@ -221,8 +226,20 @@ acme.sh --issue --standalone -d example.com -d www.example.com -d cp.example.com
 
 More examples: https://github.com/Neilpang/acme.sh/wiki/How-to-issue-a-cert
 
+# 5. Use Standalone ssl server to issue cert
 
-# 5. Use Apache mode
+**(requires you to be root/sudoer or have permission to listen on port 443 (TCP))**
+
+Port `443` (TCP) **MUST** be free to listen on, otherwise you will be prompted to free it and try again.
+
+```bash
+acme.sh --issue --alpn -d example.com -d www.example.com -d cp.example.com
+```
+
+More examples: https://github.com/Neilpang/acme.sh/wiki/How-to-issue-a-cert
+
+
+# 6. Use Apache mode
 
 **(requires you to be root/sudoer, since it is required to interact with Apache server)**
 
@@ -242,7 +259,7 @@ We don't want to mess your apache server, don't worry.**
 
 More examples: https://github.com/Neilpang/acme.sh/wiki/How-to-issue-a-cert
 
-# 6. Use Nginx mode
+# 7. Use Nginx mode
 
 **(requires you to be root/sudoer, since it is required to interact with Nginx server)**
 
@@ -266,7 +283,7 @@ We don't want to mess your nginx server, don't worry.**
 
 More examples: https://github.com/Neilpang/acme.sh/wiki/How-to-issue-a-cert
 
-# 7. Automatic DNS API integration
+# 8. Automatic DNS API integration
 
 If your DNS provider supports API access, we can use that API to automatically issue the certs.
 
@@ -330,6 +347,7 @@ You don't have to do anything manually!
 1. MyDNS.JP API (https://www.mydns.jp/)
 1. hosting.de (https://www.hosting.de)
 1. Neodigit.net API (https://www.neodigit.net)
+1. Exoscale.com API (https://www.exoscale.com/)
 
 And:
 
@@ -343,7 +361,7 @@ If your DNS provider is not on the supported list above, you can write your own
 
 For more details: [How to use DNS API](dnsapi)
 
-# 8. Use DNS manual mode:
+# 9. Use DNS manual mode:
 
 See: https://github.com/Neilpang/acme.sh/wiki/dns-manual-mode first.
 
@@ -379,7 +397,7 @@ Ok, it's done.
 
 **Please use dns api mode instead.**
 
-# 9. Issue ECC certificates
+# 10. Issue ECC certificates
 
 `Let's Encrypt` can now issue **ECDSA** certificates.
 
@@ -411,7 +429,7 @@ Valid values are:
 
 
 
-# 10. Issue Wildcard certificates
+# 11. Issue Wildcard certificates
 
 It's simple, just give a wildcard domain as the `-d` parameter.
 
@@ -421,7 +439,7 @@ acme.sh  --issue -d example.com  -d '*.example.com'  --dns dns_cf
 
 
 
-# 11. How to renew the certs
+# 12. How to renew the certs
 
 No, you don't need to renew the certs manually. All the certs will be renewed automatically every **60** days.
 
@@ -438,7 +456,7 @@ acme.sh --renew -d example.com --force --ecc
 ```
 
 
-# 12. How to stop cert renewal
+# 13. How to stop cert renewal
 
 To stop renewal of a cert, you can execute the following to remove the cert from the renewal list:
 
@@ -451,7 +469,7 @@ The cert/key file is not removed from the disk.
 You can remove the respective directory (e.g. `~/.acme.sh/example.com`) by yourself.
 
 
-# 13. How to upgrade `acme.sh`
+# 14. How to upgrade `acme.sh`
 
 acme.sh is in constant development, so it's strongly recommended to use the latest code.
 
@@ -476,25 +494,25 @@ acme.sh --upgrade --auto-upgrade 0
 ```
 
 
-# 14. Issue a cert from an existing CSR
+# 15. Issue a cert from an existing CSR
 
 https://github.com/Neilpang/acme.sh/wiki/Issue-a-cert-from-existing-CSR
 
 
-# 15. Under the Hood
+# 16. Under the Hood
 
 Speak ACME language using shell, directly to "Let's Encrypt".
 
 TODO:
 
 
-# 16. Acknowledgments
+# 17. Acknowledgments
 
 1. Acme-tiny: https://github.com/diafygi/acme-tiny
 2. ACME protocol: https://github.com/ietf-wg-acme/acme
 
 
-# 17. License & Others
+# 18. License & Others
 
 License is GPLv3
 
@@ -503,7 +521,7 @@ Please Star and Fork me.
 [Issues](https://github.com/Neilpang/acme.sh/issues) and [pull requests](https://github.com/Neilpang/acme.sh/pulls) are welcome.
 
 
-# 18. Donate
+# 19. Donate
 Your donation makes **acme.sh** better:
 
 1. PayPal/Alipay(支付宝)/Wechat(微信): [https://donate.acme.sh/](https://donate.acme.sh/)
diff --git a/acme.sh b/acme.sh
index ff241e6e..aae16f07 100755
--- a/acme.sh
+++ b/acme.sh
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@ _OLD_STAGE_CA_HOST="https://acme-staging.api.letsencrypt.org"
 VTYPE_HTTP="http-01"
 VTYPE_DNS="dns-01"
 VTYPE_TLS="tls-sni-01"
-VTYPE_TLS2="tls-sni-02"
+VTYPE_ALPN="tls-alpn-01"
 
 LOCAL_ANY_ADDRESS="0.0.0.0"
 
-MAX_RENEW=60
+DEFAULT_RENEW=60
 
 DEFAULT_DNS_SLEEP=120
 
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ NO_VALUE="no"
 
 W_TLS="tls"
 W_DNS="dns"
+W_ALPN="alpn"
 DNS_ALIAS_PREFIX="="
 
 MODE_STATELESS="stateless"
@@ -1046,7 +1047,7 @@ _idn() {
   fi
 }
 
-#_createcsr  cn  san_list  keyfile csrfile conf
+#_createcsr  cn  san_list  keyfile csrfile conf acmeValidationv1
 _createcsr() {
   _debug _createcsr
   domain="$1"
@@ -1054,6 +1055,7 @@ _createcsr() {
   csrkey="$3"
   csr="$4"
   csrconf="$5"
+  acmeValidationv1="$6"
   _debug2 domain "$domain"
   _debug2 domainlist "$domainlist"
   _debug2 csrkey "$csrkey"
@@ -1062,7 +1064,9 @@ _createcsr() {
 
   printf "[ req_distinguished_name ]\n[ req ]\ndistinguished_name = req_distinguished_name\nreq_extensions = v3_req\n[ v3_req ]\n\nkeyUsage = nonRepudiation, digitalSignature, keyEncipherment" >"$csrconf"
 
-  if [ -z "$domainlist" ] || [ "$domainlist" = "$NO_VALUE" ]; then
+  if [ "$acmeValidationv1" ]; then
+    printf -- "\nsubjectAltName=DNS:$domainlist" >>"$csrconf"
+  elif [ -z "$domainlist" ] || [ "$domainlist" = "$NO_VALUE" ]; then
     #single domain
     _info "Single domain" "$domain"
     printf -- "\nsubjectAltName=DNS:$domain" >>"$csrconf"
@@ -1084,6 +1088,10 @@ _createcsr() {
     printf -- "\nbasicConstraints = CA:FALSE\n1.3.6.1.5.5.7.1.24=DER:30:03:02:01:05" >>"$csrconf"
   fi
 
+  if [ "$acmeValidationv1" ]; then
+    printf "\n1.3.6.1.5.5.7.1.30.1=critical,DER:04:20:${acmeValidationv1}" >>"${csrconf}"
+  fi
+
   _csr_cn="$(_idn "$domain")"
   _debug2 _csr_cn "$_csr_cn"
   if _contains "$(uname -a)" "MINGW"; then
@@ -1134,12 +1142,17 @@ _readSubjectAltNamesFromCSR() {
 
   if _contains "$_dnsAltnames," "DNS:$_csrsubj,"; then
     _debug "AltNames contains subject"
-    _dnsAltnames="$(printf "%s" "$_dnsAltnames," | sed "s/DNS:$_csrsubj,//g")"
+    _excapedAlgnames="$(echo "$_dnsAltnames" | tr '*' '#')"
+    _debug _excapedAlgnames "$_excapedAlgnames"
+    _escapedSubject="$(echo "$_csrsubj" | tr '*' '#')"
+    _debug _escapedSubject "$_escapedSubject"
+    _dnsAltnames="$(echo "$_excapedAlgnames," | sed "s/DNS:$_escapedSubject,//g" | tr '#' '*' | sed "s/,\$//g")"
+    _debug _dnsAltnames "$_dnsAltnames"
   else
     _debug "AltNames doesn't contain subject"
   fi
 
-  printf "%s" "$_dnsAltnames" | sed "s/DNS://g"
+  echo "$_dnsAltnames" | sed "s/DNS://g"
 }
 
 #_csrfile
@@ -1516,7 +1529,8 @@ _calcjwk() {
     JWK_HEADERPLACE_PART1='{"nonce": "'
     JWK_HEADERPLACE_PART2='", "alg": "ES'$__ECC_KEY_LEN'"'
   else
-    _err "Only RSA or EC key is supported."
+    _err "Only RSA or EC key is supported. keyfile=$keyfile"
+    _debug2 "$(cat "$keyfile")"
     return 1
   fi
 
@@ -1860,11 +1874,7 @@ _send_signed_request() {
     sig="$(printf "%s" "$_sig_t" | _url_replace)"
     _debug3 sig "$sig"
 
-    if [ "$ACME_VERSION" = "2" ]; then
-      body="{\"protected\": \"$protected64\", \"payload\": \"$payload64\", \"signature\": \"$sig\"}"
-    else
-      body="{\"header\": $JWK_HEADER, \"protected\": \"$protected64\", \"payload\": \"$payload64\", \"signature\": \"$sig\"}"
-    fi
+    body="{\"protected\": \"$protected64\", \"payload\": \"$payload64\", \"signature\": \"$sig\"}"
     _debug3 body "$body"
 
     response="$(_post "$body" "$url" "$needbase64" "POST" "$__request_conent_type")"
@@ -2101,7 +2111,7 @@ _sleep() {
   fi
 }
 
-# _starttlsserver  san_a  san_b port content _ncaddr
+# _starttlsserver  san_a  san_b port content _ncaddr acmeValidationv1
 _starttlsserver() {
   _info "Starting tls server."
   san_a="$1"
@@ -2109,10 +2119,12 @@ _starttlsserver() {
   port="$3"
   content="$4"
   opaddr="$5"
+  acmeValidationv1="$6"
 
   _debug san_a "$san_a"
   _debug san_b "$san_b"
   _debug port "$port"
+  _debug acmeValidationv1 "$acmeValidationv1"
 
   #create key TLS_KEY
   if ! _createkey "2048" "$TLS_KEY"; then
@@ -2125,7 +2137,7 @@ _starttlsserver() {
   if [ "$san_b" ]; then
     alt="$alt,$san_b"
   fi
-  if ! _createcsr "tls.acme.sh" "$alt" "$TLS_KEY" "$TLS_CSR" "$TLS_CONF"; then
+  if ! _createcsr "tls.acme.sh" "$alt" "$TLS_KEY" "$TLS_CSR" "$TLS_CONF" "$acmeValidationv1"; then
     _err "Create tls validation csr error."
     return 1
   fi
@@ -2151,6 +2163,10 @@ _starttlsserver() {
     __S_OPENSSL="$__S_OPENSSL -6"
   fi
 
+  if [ "$acmeValidationv1" ]; then
+    __S_OPENSSL="$__S_OPENSSL -alpn acme-tls/1"
+  fi
+
   _debug "$__S_OPENSSL"
   if [ "$DEBUG" ] && [ "$DEBUG" -ge "2" ]; then
     $__S_OPENSSL -tlsextdebug &
@@ -3061,8 +3077,8 @@ _on_before_issue() {
         _savedomainconf "Le_HTTPPort" "$Le_HTTPPort"
       fi
       _checkport="$Le_HTTPPort"
-    elif [ "$_currentRoot" = "$W_TLS" ]; then
-      _info "Standalone tls mode."
+    elif [ "$_currentRoot" = "$W_TLS" ] || [ "$_currentRoot" = "$W_ALPN" ]; then
+      _info "Standalone tls/alpn mode."
       if [ -z "$Le_TLSPort" ]; then
         Le_TLSPort=443
       else
@@ -3422,15 +3438,17 @@ __get_domain_new_authz() {
 
 #uri keyAuthorization
 __trigger_validation() {
-  _debug2 "tigger domain validation."
+  _debug2 "Trigger domain validation."
   _t_url="$1"
   _debug2 _t_url "$_t_url"
   _t_key_authz="$2"
   _debug2 _t_key_authz "$_t_key_authz"
+  _t_vtype="$3"
+  _debug2 _t_vtype "$_t_vtype"
   if [ "$ACME_VERSION" = "2" ]; then
     _send_signed_request "$_t_url" "{\"keyAuthorization\": \"$_t_key_authz\"}"
   else
-    _send_signed_request "$_t_url" "{\"resource\": \"challenge\", \"keyAuthorization\": \"$_t_key_authz\"}"
+    _send_signed_request "$_t_url" "{\"resource\": \"challenge\", \"type\": \"$_t_vtype\", \"keyAuthorization\": \"$_t_key_authz\"}"
   fi
 }
 
@@ -3681,11 +3699,11 @@ $_authorizations_map"
       fi
 
       if [ "$_currentRoot" = "$W_TLS" ]; then
-        if [ "$ACME_VERSION" = "2" ]; then
-          vtype="$VTYPE_TLS2"
-        else
-          vtype="$VTYPE_TLS"
-        fi
+        vtype="$VTYPE_TLS"
+      fi
+
+      if [ "$_currentRoot" = "$W_ALPN" ]; then
+        vtype="$VTYPE_ALPN"
       fi
 
       if [ "$ACME_VERSION" = "2" ]; then
@@ -4001,9 +4019,19 @@ $_authorizations_map"
         _on_issue_err "$_post_hook" "$vlist"
         return 1
       fi
+    elif [ "$vtype" = "$VTYPE_ALPN" ]; then
+      acmevalidationv1="$(printf "%s" "$keyauthorization" | _digest "sha256" "hex")"
+      _debug acmevalidationv1 "$acmevalidationv1"
+      if ! _starttlsserver "$d" "" "$Le_TLSPort" "$keyauthorization" "$_ncaddr" "$acmevalidationv1"; then
+        _err "Start tls server error."
+        _clearupwebbroot "$_currentRoot" "$removelevel" "$token"
+        _clearup
+        _on_issue_err "$_post_hook" "$vlist"
+        return 1
+      fi
     fi
 
-    if ! __trigger_validation "$uri" "$keyauthorization"; then
+    if ! __trigger_validation "$uri" "$keyauthorization" "$vtype"; then
       _err "$d:Can not get challenge: $response"
       _clearupwebbroot "$_currentRoot" "$removelevel" "$token"
       _clearup
@@ -4012,7 +4040,7 @@ $_authorizations_map"
     fi
 
     if [ "$code" ] && [ "$code" != '202' ]; then
-      if [ "$ACME_VERSION" = "2" ] && [ "$code" = '200' ]; then
+      if [ "$code" = '200' ]; then
         _debug "trigger validation code: $code"
       else
         _err "$d:Challenge error: $response"
@@ -4239,8 +4267,8 @@ $_authorizations_map"
   Le_CertCreateTimeStr=$(date -u)
   _savedomainconf "Le_CertCreateTimeStr" "$Le_CertCreateTimeStr"
 
-  if [ -z "$Le_RenewalDays" ] || [ "$Le_RenewalDays" -lt "0" ] || [ "$Le_RenewalDays" -gt "$MAX_RENEW" ]; then
-    Le_RenewalDays="$MAX_RENEW"
+  if [ -z "$Le_RenewalDays" ] || [ "$Le_RenewalDays" -lt "0" ]; then
+    Le_RenewalDays="$DEFAULT_RENEW"
   else
     _savedomainconf "Le_RenewalDays" "$Le_RenewalDays"
   fi
@@ -5463,6 +5491,7 @@ Parameters:
   --output-insecure                 Output all the sensitive messages. By default all the credentials/sensitive messages are hidden from the output/debug/log for secure.
   --webroot, -w  /path/to/webroot   Specifies the web root folder for web root mode.
   --standalone                      Use standalone mode.
+  --alpn                            Use standalone alpn mode.
   --stateless                       Use stateless mode, see: $_STATELESS_WIKI
   --apache                          Use apache mode.
   --dns [dns_cf|dns_dp|dns_cx|/path/to/api/file]   Use dns mode or dns api.
@@ -5491,8 +5520,9 @@ Parameters:
   --useragent                       Specifies the user agent string. it will be saved for future use too.
   --accountemail                    Specifies the account email, only valid for the '--install' and '--update-account' command.
   --accountkey                      Specifies the account key path, only valid for the '--install' command.
-  --days                            Specifies the days to renew the cert when using '--issue' command. The max value is $MAX_RENEW days.
+  --days                            Specifies the days to renew the cert when using '--issue' command. The default value is $DEFAULT_RENEW days.
   --httpport                        Specifies the standalone listening port. Only valid if the server is behind a reverse proxy or load balancer.
+  --tlsport                         Specifies the standalone tls listening port. Only valid if the server is behind a reverse proxy or load balancer.
   --local-address                   Specifies the standalone/tls server listening address, in case you have multiple ip addresses.
   --listraw                         Only used for '--list' command, list the certs in raw format.
   --stopRenewOnError, -se           Only valid for '--renew-all' command. Stop if one cert has error in renewal.
@@ -5817,6 +5847,14 @@ _process() {
           _webroot="$_webroot,$wvalue"
         fi
         ;;
+      --alpn)
+        wvalue="$W_ALPN"
+        if [ -z "$_webroot" ]; then
+          _webroot="$wvalue"
+        else
+          _webroot="$_webroot,$wvalue"
+        fi
+        ;;
       --stateless)
         wvalue="$MODE_STATELESS"
         if [ -z "$_webroot" ]; then
@@ -5941,6 +5979,11 @@ _process() {
         Le_HTTPPort="$_httpport"
         shift
         ;;
+      --tlsport)
+        _tlsport="$2"
+        Le_TLSPort="$_tlsport"
+        shift
+        ;;
       --listraw)
         _listraw="raw"
         ;;
diff --git a/dnsapi/README.md b/dnsapi/README.md
index afe1f7f4..201deeec 100644
--- a/dnsapi/README.md
+++ b/dnsapi/README.md
@@ -146,13 +146,17 @@ Finally, make the DNS server and update Key available to `acme.sh`
 export NSUPDATE_SERVER="dns.example.com"
 export NSUPDATE_KEY="/path/to/your/nsupdate.key"
 ```
+and optionally (depending on DNS server)
+```
+export NSUPDATE_ZONE="example.com"
+```
 
 Ok, let's issue a cert now:
 ```
 acme.sh --issue --dns dns_nsupdate -d example.com -d www.example.com
 ```
 
-The `NSUPDATE_SERVER` and `NSUPDATE_KEY` settings will be saved in `~/.acme.sh/account.conf` and will be reused when needed.
+The `NSUPDATE_SERVER`, `NSUPDATE_KEY`, and `NSUPDATE_ZONE` settings will be saved in `~/.acme.sh/account.conf` and will be reused when needed.
 
 
 ## 8. Use LuaDNS domain API
@@ -263,25 +267,26 @@ when needed.
 
 ## 14. Use Linode domain API
 
+The tokens created in the classic manager and cloud manager are incompatible
+with one another. While the classic manager makes an all or nothing API, the
+newer cloud manager interface promises to produce API keys with a finer
+permission system. However, either way works just fine.
+
+### Classic Manager ###
+
+Classic Manager: https://manager.linode.com/profile/api
+
 First you need to login to your Linode account to get your API Key.
 
-  * [Classic Manager](https://manager.linode.com/profile/api)
-
-   Under "Add an API key", Give the new key a "Label" (we recommend *ACME*),
-   set the expiry to never, "Create API Key", and copy the new key into the `LINODE_API_KEY` command
-   below.
-
-  * [Cloud Manager](https://cloud.linode.com/profile/tokens)
-
-   Click on "Add a Personal Access Token". Give the new key a "Label" (we
-   recommend *ACME*), give it Read/Write access to "Domains". "Submit", and
-   copy the new key into the `LINODE_API_KEY` command below.
+Then add an API key with label *ACME* and copy the new key into the following
+command.
 
 ```sh
 export LINODE_API_KEY="..."
 ```
 
-Due to the reload time of any changes in the DNS records, we have to use the `dnssleep` option to wait at least 15 minutes for the changes to take effect.
+Due to the reload time of any changes in the DNS records, we have to use the
+`dnssleep` option to wait at least 15 minutes for the changes to take effect.
 
 Ok, let's issue a cert now:
 
@@ -289,7 +294,35 @@ Ok, let's issue a cert now:
 acme.sh --issue --dns dns_linode --dnssleep 900 -d example.com -d www.example.com
 ```
 
-The `LINODE_API_KEY` will be saved in `~/.acme.sh/account.conf` and will be reused when needed.
+The `LINODE_API_KEY` will be saved in `~/.acme.sh/account.conf` and will be
+reused when needed.
+
+### Cloud Manager ###
+
+Cloud Manager: https://cloud.linode.com/profile/tokens
+
+First you need to login to your Linode account to get your API Key.
+
+   1. Click on "Add a Personal Access Token".
+   2. Give the new key a "Label" (we recommend *ACME*)
+   3. Give it Read/Write access to "Domains"
+   4. "Submit" and copy the new key into the `LINODE_V4_API_KEY` command below.
+
+```sh
+export LINODE_V4_API_KEY="..."
+```
+
+Due to the reload time of any changes in the DNS records, we have to use the
+`dnssleep` option to wait at least 15 minutes for the changes to take effect.
+
+Ok, let's issue a cert now:
+
+```sh
+acme.sh --issue --dns dns_linode_v4 --dnssleep 900 -d example.com -d www.example.com
+```
+
+The `LINODE_V4_API_KEY` will be saved in `~/.acme.sh/account.conf` and will be
+reused when needed.
 
 ## 15. Use FreeDNS
 
@@ -1076,6 +1109,24 @@ acme.sh --issue --dns dns_neodigit -d example.com -d www.example.com
 
 Neodigit API Token will be saved in `~/.acme.sh/account.conf` and will be used when needed.
 
+## 57. Use Exoscale API
+
+Create an API key and secret key in the Exoscale account section
+
+Set your API and secret key:
+
+```
+export EXOSCALE_API_KEY='xxx'
+export EXOSCALE_SECRET_KEY='xxx'
+```
+
+Now, let's issue a cert:
+```
+acme.sh --issue --dns dns_netcup -d example.com -d www.example.com
+```
+
+The `EXOSCALE_API_KEY` and `EXOSCALE_SECRET_KEY` will be saved in `~/.acme.sh/account.conf` and will be reused when needed.
+
 # Use custom API
 
 If your API is not supported yet, you can write your own DNS API.
diff --git a/dnsapi/dns_cf.sh b/dnsapi/dns_cf.sh
index f50ab498..202385fe 100755
--- a/dnsapi/dns_cf.sh
+++ b/dnsapi/dns_cf.sh
@@ -34,9 +34,6 @@ dns_cf_add() {
   _saveaccountconf_mutable CF_Key "$CF_Key"
   _saveaccountconf_mutable CF_Email "$CF_Email"
 
-  _DOMAIN_CF_ZONES_CACHE_NAME_="$(echo "${CF_Email}_CF_ZONES_" | tr '@.' '__')"
-  _cleardomainconf "$_DOMAIN_CF_ZONES_CACHE_NAME_"
-
   _debug "First detect the root zone"
   if ! _get_root "$fulldomain"; then
     _err "invalid domain"
@@ -105,16 +102,11 @@ dns_cf_rm() {
     return 1
   fi
 
-  _DOMAIN_CF_ZONES_CACHE_NAME_="$(echo "${CF_Email}_CF_ZONES_" | tr '@.' '__')"
-
   _debug "First detect the root zone"
   if ! _get_root "$fulldomain"; then
-    _cleardomainconf "$_DOMAIN_CF_ZONES_CACHE_NAME_"
     _err "invalid domain"
     return 1
   fi
-  _cleardomainconf "$_DOMAIN_CF_ZONES_CACHE_NAME_"
-
   _debug _domain_id "$_domain_id"
   _debug _sub_domain "$_sub_domain"
   _debug _domain "$_domain"
@@ -154,21 +146,6 @@ dns_cf_rm() {
 # _domain=domain.com
 # _domain_id=sdjkglgdfewsdfg
 _get_root() {
-
-  _cf_zones="$(_readdomainconf "$_DOMAIN_CF_ZONES_CACHE_NAME_")"
-  _debug2 "_cf_zones" "$_cf_zones"
-  if [ -z "$_cf_zones" ]; then
-    _debug "$_DOMAIN_CF_ZONES_CACHE_NAME_ is none, so get it."
-    if ! _cf_rest GET "zones"; then
-      return 1
-    fi
-    _cf_zones="$response"
-    _savedomainconf "$_DOMAIN_CF_ZONES_CACHE_NAME_" "$(echo "$_cf_zones" | _base64)"
-  else
-    _debug "$_DOMAIN_CF_ZONES_CACHE_NAME_ found"
-    _cf_zones="$(echo "$_cf_zones" | _dbase64)"
-  fi
-
   domain=$1
   i=2
   p=1
@@ -180,8 +157,12 @@ _get_root() {
       return 1
     fi
 
-    if _contains "$_cf_zones" "\"name\":\"$h\"" >/dev/null; then
-      _domain_id=$(echo "$_cf_zones" | tr '{' "\n" | grep "\"name\":\"$h\"" | _egrep_o "^\"id\":\"[^\"]*\"" | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d \")
+    if ! _cf_rest GET "zones?name=$h"; then
+      return 1
+    fi
+
+    if _contains "$response" "\"name\":\"$h\"" >/dev/null; then
+      _domain_id=$(echo "$response" | _egrep_o "\[.\"id\":\"[^\"]*\"" | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d \")
       if [ "$_domain_id" ]; then
         _sub_domain=$(printf "%s" "$domain" | cut -d . -f 1-$p)
         _domain=$h
diff --git a/dnsapi/dns_dgon.sh b/dnsapi/dns_dgon.sh
index 5d38ef76..24e1a9f2 100755
--- a/dnsapi/dns_dgon.sh
+++ b/dnsapi/dns_dgon.sh
@@ -104,48 +104,60 @@ dns_dgon_rm() {
   ## may get: "links":{"pages":{"last":".../v2/domains/DOM/records?page=2","next":".../v2/domains/DOM/records?page=2"}}
   GURL="https://api.digitalocean.com/v2/domains/$_domain/records"
 
-  ## while we dont have a record ID we keep going
-  while [ -z "$record" ]; do
+  ## Get all the matching records
+  while true; do
     ## 1) get the URL
     ## the create request - get
     ## args: URL, [onlyheader, timeout]
     domain_list="$(_get "$GURL")"
-    ## 2) find record
-    ## check for what we are looing for: "type":"A","name":"$_sub_domain"
-    record="$(echo "$domain_list" | _egrep_o "\"id\"\s*\:\s*\"*[0-9]+\"*[^}]*\"name\"\s*\:\s*\"$_sub_domain\"[^}]*\"data\"\s*\:\s*\"$txtvalue\"")"
-    ## 3) check record and get next page
-    if [ -z "$record" ]; then
-      ## find the next page if we dont have a match
-      nextpage="$(echo "$domain_list" | _egrep_o "\"links\".*" | _egrep_o "\"next\".*" | _egrep_o "http.*page\=[0-9]+")"
-      if [ -z "$nextpage" ]; then
-        _err "no record and no nextpage in digital ocean DNS removal"
-        return 1
-      fi
-      _debug2 nextpage "$nextpage"
-      GURL="$nextpage"
+
+    ## check response
+    if [ "$?" != "0" ]; then
+      _err "error in domain_list response: $domain_list"
+      return 1
     fi
-    ## we break out of the loop when we have a record
+    _debug2 domain_list "$domain_list"
+
+    ## 2) find records
+    ## check for what we are looking for: "type":"A","name":"$_sub_domain"
+    record="$(echo "$domain_list" | _egrep_o "\"id\"\s*\:\s*\"*[0-9]+\"*[^}]*\"name\"\s*\:\s*\"$_sub_domain\"[^}]*\"data\"\s*\:\s*\"$txtvalue\"")"
+
+    if [ ! -z "$record" ]; then
+
+      ## we found records
+      rec_ids="$(echo "$record" | _egrep_o "id\"\s*\:\s*\"*[0-9]+" | _egrep_o "[0-9]+")"
+      _debug rec_ids "$rec_ids"
+      if [ ! -z "$rec_ids" ]; then
+        echo "$rec_ids" | while IFS= read -r rec_id; do
+          ## delete the record
+          ## delete URL for removing the one we dont want
+          DURL="https://api.digitalocean.com/v2/domains/$_domain/records/$rec_id"
+
+          ## the create request - delete
+          ## args: BODY, URL, [need64, httpmethod]
+          response="$(_post "" "$DURL" "" "DELETE")"
+
+          ## check response (sort of)
+          if [ "$?" != "0" ]; then
+            _err "error in remove response: $response"
+            return 1
+          fi
+          _debug2 response "$response"
+
+        done
+      fi
+    fi
+
+    ## 3) find the next page
+    nextpage="$(echo "$domain_list" | _egrep_o "\"links\".*" | _egrep_o "\"next\".*" | _egrep_o "http.*page\=[0-9]+")"
+    if [ -z "$nextpage" ]; then
+      break
+    fi
+    _debug2 nextpage "$nextpage"
+    GURL="$nextpage"
+
   done
 
-  ## we found the record
-  rec_id="$(echo "$record" | _egrep_o "id\"\s*\:\s*\"*[0-9]+" | _egrep_o "[0-9]+")"
-  _debug rec_id "$rec_id"
-
-  ## delete the record
-  ## delete URL for removing the one we dont want
-  DURL="https://api.digitalocean.com/v2/domains/$_domain/records/$rec_id"
-
-  ## the create request - delete
-  ## args: BODY, URL, [need64, httpmethod]
-  response="$(_post "" "$DURL" "" "DELETE")"
-
-  ## check response (sort of)
-  if [ "$?" != "0" ]; then
-    _err "error in remove response: $response"
-    return 1
-  fi
-  _debug2 response "$response"
-
   ## finished correctly
   return 0
 }
@@ -178,44 +190,57 @@ _get_base_domain() {
   export _H2="Authorization: Bearer $DO_API_KEY"
   _debug DO_API_KEY "$DO_API_KEY"
   ## get URL for the list of domains
-  ## havent seen this request paginated, tested with 18 domains (more requires manual requests with DO)
+  ## may get: "links":{"pages":{"last":".../v2/domains/DOM/records?page=2","next":".../v2/domains/DOM/records?page=2"}}
   DOMURL="https://api.digitalocean.com/v2/domains"
 
-  ## get the domain list (DO gives basically a full XFER!)
-  domain_list="$(_get "$DOMURL")"
+  ## while we dont have a matching domain we keep going
+  while [ -z "$found" ]; do
+    ## get the domain list (current page)
+    domain_list="$(_get "$DOMURL")"
 
-  ## check response
-  if [ "$?" != "0" ]; then
-    _err "error in domain_list response: $domain_list"
-    return 1
-  fi
-  _debug2 domain_list "$domain_list"
-
-  ## for each shortening of our $fulldomain, check if it exists in the $domain_list
-  ## can never start on 1 (aka whole $fulldomain) as $fulldomain starts with "_acme-challenge"
-  i=2
-  while [ $i -gt 0 ]; do
-    ## get next longest domain
-    _domain=$(printf "%s" "$fulldomain" | cut -d . -f "$i"-"$MAX_DOM")
-    ## check we got something back from our cut (or are we at the end)
-    if [ -z "$_domain" ]; then
-      ## we got to the end of the domain - invalid domain
-      _err "domain not found in DigitalOcean account"
+    ## check response
+    if [ "$?" != "0" ]; then
+      _err "error in domain_list response: $domain_list"
       return 1
     fi
-    ## we got part of a domain back - grep it out
-    found="$(echo "$domain_list" | _egrep_o "\"name\"\s*\:\s*\"$_domain\"")"
-    ## check if it exists
-    if [ ! -z "$found" ]; then
-      ## exists - exit loop returning the parts
-      sub_point=$(_math $i - 1)
-      _sub_domain=$(printf "%s" "$fulldomain" | cut -d . -f 1-"$sub_point")
-      _debug _domain "$_domain"
-      _debug _sub_domain "$_sub_domain"
-      return 0
+    _debug2 domain_list "$domain_list"
+
+    ## for each shortening of our $fulldomain, check if it exists in the $domain_list
+    ## can never start on 1 (aka whole $fulldomain) as $fulldomain starts with "_acme-challenge"
+    i=2
+    while [ $i -gt 0 ]; do
+      ## get next longest domain
+      _domain=$(printf "%s" "$fulldomain" | cut -d . -f "$i"-"$MAX_DOM")
+      ## check we got something back from our cut (or are we at the end)
+      if [ -z "$_domain" ]; then
+        break
+      fi
+      ## we got part of a domain back - grep it out
+      found="$(echo "$domain_list" | _egrep_o "\"name\"\s*\:\s*\"$_domain\"")"
+      ## check if it exists
+      if [ ! -z "$found" ]; then
+        ## exists - exit loop returning the parts
+        sub_point=$(_math $i - 1)
+        _sub_domain=$(printf "%s" "$fulldomain" | cut -d . -f 1-"$sub_point")
+        _debug _domain "$_domain"
+        _debug _sub_domain "$_sub_domain"
+        return 0
+      fi
+      ## increment cut point $i
+      i=$(_math $i + 1)
+    done
+
+    if [ -z "$found" ]; then
+      ## find the next page if we dont have a match
+      nextpage="$(echo "$domain_list" | _egrep_o "\"links\".*" | _egrep_o "\"next\".*" | _egrep_o "http.*page\=[0-9]+")"
+      if [ -z "$nextpage" ]; then
+        _err "no record and no nextpage in digital ocean DNS removal"
+        return 1
+      fi
+      _debug2 nextpage "$nextpage"
+      DOMURL="$nextpage"
     fi
-    ## increment cut point $i
-    i=$(_math $i + 1)
+
   done
 
   ## we went through the entire domain zone list and dint find one that matched
diff --git a/dnsapi/dns_dynu.sh b/dnsapi/dns_dynu.sh
index 17a1cdb0..506ef53e 100644
--- a/dnsapi/dns_dynu.sh
+++ b/dnsapi/dns_dynu.sh
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 Dynu_Token=""
 #
 #Endpoint
-Dynu_EndPoint="https://api.dynu.com/v1"
+Dynu_EndPoint="https://api.dynu.com/v2"
 #
 #Author: Dynu Systems, Inc.
 #Report Bugs here: https://github.com/shar0119/acme.sh
@@ -51,11 +51,11 @@ dns_dynu_add() {
   _debug _domain_name "$_domain_name"
 
   _info "Creating TXT record."
-  if ! _dynu_rest POST "dns/record/add" "{\"domain_name\":\"$_domain_name\",\"node_name\":\"$_node\",\"record_type\":\"TXT\",\"text_data\":\"$txtvalue\",\"state\":true,\"ttl\":90}"; then
+  if ! _dynu_rest POST "dns/$dnsId/record" "{\"domainId\":\"$dnsId\",\"nodeName\":\"$_node\",\"recordType\":\"TXT\",\"textData\":\"$txtvalue\",\"state\":true,\"ttl\":90}"; then
     return 1
   fi
 
-  if ! _contains "$response" "text_data"; then
+  if ! _contains "$response" "200"; then
     _err "Could not add TXT record."
     return 1
   fi
@@ -132,11 +132,12 @@ _get_root() {
       return 1
     fi
 
-    if ! _dynu_rest GET "dns/get/$h"; then
+    if ! _dynu_rest GET "dns/getroot/$h"; then
       return 1
     fi
 
-    if _contains "$response" "\"name\":\"$h\"" >/dev/null; then
+    if _contains "$response" "\"domainName\":\"$h\"" >/dev/null; then
+      dnsId=$(printf "%s" "$response" | tr -d "{}" | cut -d , -f 2 | cut -d : -f 2)
       _domain_name=$h
       _node=$(printf "%s" "$domain" | cut -d . -f 1-$p)
       return 0
@@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ _get_recordid() {
   fulldomain=$1
   txtvalue=$2
 
-  if ! _dynu_rest GET "dns/record/get?hostname=$fulldomain&rrtype=TXT"; then
+  if ! _dynu_rest GET "dns/$dnsId/record"; then
     return 1
   fi
 
@@ -161,19 +162,18 @@ _get_recordid() {
     return 0
   fi
 
-  _dns_record_id=$(printf "%s" "$response" | _egrep_o "{[^}]*}" | grep "\"text_data\":\"$txtvalue\"" | _egrep_o ",[^,]*," | grep ',"id":' | tr -d ",," | cut -d : -f 2)
-
+  _dns_record_id=$(printf "%s" "$response" | sed -e 's/[^{]*\({[^}]*}\)[^{]*/\1\n/g' | grep "\"textData\":\"$txtvalue\"" | sed -e 's/.*"id":\([^,]*\).*/\1/')
   return 0
 }
 
 _delete_txt_record() {
   _dns_record_id=$1
 
-  if ! _dynu_rest GET "dns/record/delete/$_dns_record_id"; then
+  if ! _dynu_rest DELETE "dns/$dnsId/record/$_dns_record_id"; then
     return 1
   fi
 
-  if ! _contains "$response" "true"; then
+  if ! _contains "$response" "200"; then
     return 1
   fi
 
@@ -189,7 +189,7 @@ _dynu_rest() {
   export _H1="Authorization: Bearer $Dynu_Token"
   export _H2="Content-Type: application/json"
 
-  if [ "$data" ]; then
+  if [ "$data" ] || [ "$m" = "DELETE" ]; then
     _debug data "$data"
     response="$(_post "$data" "$Dynu_EndPoint/$ep" "" "$m")"
   else
@@ -216,8 +216,8 @@ _dynu_authentication() {
     _err "Authentication failed."
     return 1
   fi
-  if _contains "$response" "accessToken"; then
-    Dynu_Token=$(printf "%s" "$response" | tr -d "[]" | cut -d , -f 2 | cut -d : -f 2 | cut -d '"' -f 2)
+  if _contains "$response" "access_token"; then
+    Dynu_Token=$(printf "%s" "$response" | tr -d "{}" | cut -d , -f 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | cut -d '"' -f 2)
   fi
   if _contains "$Dynu_Token" "null"; then
     Dynu_Token=""
diff --git a/dnsapi/dns_exoscale.sh b/dnsapi/dns_exoscale.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..ccf05fc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dnsapi/dns_exoscale.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env sh
+
+EXOSCALE_API=https://api.exoscale.com/dns/v1
+
+########  Public functions #####################
+
+# Usage: add  _acme-challenge.www.domain.com   "XKrxpRBosdIKFzxW_CT3KLZNf6q0HG9i01zxXp5CPBs"
+# Used to add txt record
+dns_exoscale_add() {
+  fulldomain=$1
+  txtvalue=$2
+
+  if ! _checkAuth; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  _debug "First detect the root zone"
+  if ! _get_root "$fulldomain"; then
+    _err "invalid domain"
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  _debug _sub_domain "$_sub_domain"
+  _debug _domain "$_domain"
+
+  _info "Adding record"
+  if _exoscale_rest POST "domains/$_domain_id/records" "{\"record\":{\"name\":\"$_sub_domain\",\"record_type\":\"TXT\",\"content\":\"$txtvalue\",\"ttl\":120}}" "$_domain_token"; then
+    if _contains "$response" "$txtvalue"; then
+      _info "Added, OK"
+      return 0
+    fi
+  fi
+  _err "Add txt record error."
+  return 1
+
+}
+
+# Usage: fulldomain txtvalue
+# Used to remove the txt record after validation
+dns_exoscale_rm() {
+  fulldomain=$1
+  txtvalue=$2
+
+  if ! _checkAuth; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  _debug "First detect the root zone"
+  if ! _get_root "$fulldomain"; then
+    _err "invalid domain"
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  _debug _sub_domain "$_sub_domain"
+  _debug _domain "$_domain"
+
+  _debug "Getting txt records"
+  _exoscale_rest GET "domains/${_domain_id}/records?type=TXT&name=$_sub_domain" "" "$_domain_token"
+  if _contains "$response" "\"name\":\"$_sub_domain\"" >/dev/null; then
+    _record_id=$(echo "$response" | tr '{' "\n" | grep "\"content\":\"$txtvalue\"" | _egrep_o "\"id\":[^,]+" | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d \")
+  fi
+
+  if [ -z "$_record_id" ]; then
+    _err "Can not get record id to remove."
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  _debug "Deleting record $_record_id"
+
+  if ! _exoscale_rest DELETE "domains/$_domain_id/records/$_record_id" "" "$_domain_token"; then
+    _err "Delete record error."
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  return 0
+}
+
+####################  Private functions below ##################################
+
+_checkAuth() {
+  EXOSCALE_API_KEY="${EXOSCALE_API_KEY:-$(_readaccountconf_mutable EXOSCALE_API_KEY)}"
+  EXOSCALE_SECRET_KEY="${EXOSCALE_SECRET_KEY:-$(_readaccountconf_mutable EXOSCALE_SECRET_KEY)}"
+
+  if [ -z "$EXOSCALE_API_KEY" ] || [ -z "$EXOSCALE_SECRET_KEY" ]; then
+    EXOSCALE_API_KEY=""
+    EXOSCALE_SECRET_KEY=""
+    _err "You don't specify Exoscale application key and application secret yet."
+    _err "Please create you key and try again."
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  _saveaccountconf_mutable EXOSCALE_API_KEY "$EXOSCALE_API_KEY"
+  _saveaccountconf_mutable EXOSCALE_SECRET_KEY "$EXOSCALE_SECRET_KEY"
+
+  return 0
+}
+
+#_acme-challenge.www.domain.com
+#returns
+# _sub_domain=_acme-challenge.www
+# _domain=domain.com
+# _domain_id=sdjkglgdfewsdfg
+# _domain_token=sdjkglgdfewsdfg
+_get_root() {
+
+  if ! _exoscale_rest GET "domains"; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  domain=$1
+  i=2
+  p=1
+  while true; do
+    h=$(printf "%s" "$domain" | cut -d . -f $i-100)
+    _debug h "$h"
+    if [ -z "$h" ]; then
+      #not valid
+      return 1
+    fi
+
+    if _contains "$response" "\"name\":\"$h\"" >/dev/null; then
+      _domain_id=$(echo "$response" | tr '{' "\n" | grep "\"name\":\"$h\"" | _egrep_o "\"id\":[^,]+" | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d \")
+      _domain_token=$(echo "$response" | tr '{' "\n" | grep "\"name\":\"$h\"" | _egrep_o "\"token\":\"[^\"]*\"" | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d \")
+      if [ "$_domain_token" ] && [ "$_domain_id" ]; then
+        _sub_domain=$(printf "%s" "$domain" | cut -d . -f 1-$p)
+        _domain=$h
+        return 0
+      fi
+      return 1
+    fi
+    p=$i
+    i=$(_math "$i" + 1)
+  done
+  return 1
+}
+
+# returns response
+_exoscale_rest() {
+  method=$1
+  path="$2"
+  data="$3"
+  token="$4"
+  request_url="$EXOSCALE_API/$path"
+  _debug "$path"
+
+  export _H1="Accept: application/json"
+
+  if [ "$token" ]; then
+    export _H2="X-DNS-Domain-Token: $token"
+  else
+    export _H2="X-DNS-Token: $EXOSCALE_API_KEY:$EXOSCALE_SECRET_KEY"
+  fi
+
+  if [ "$data" ] || [ "$method" = "DELETE" ]; then
+    export _H3="Content-Type: application/json"
+    _debug data "$data"
+    response="$(_post "$data" "$request_url" "" "$method")"
+  else
+    response="$(_get "$request_url" "" "" "$method")"
+  fi
+
+  if [ "$?" != "0" ]; then
+    _err "error $request_url"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  _debug2 response "$response"
+  return 0
+}
diff --git a/dnsapi/dns_gandi_livedns.sh b/dnsapi/dns_gandi_livedns.sh
old mode 100755
new mode 100644
index 7a21aba6..cdda4775
--- a/dnsapi/dns_gandi_livedns.sh
+++ b/dnsapi/dns_gandi_livedns.sh
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 # Requires GANDI API KEY set in GANDI_LIVEDNS_KEY set as environment variable
 #
 #Author: Frédéric Crozat <fcrozat@suse.com>
+#        Dominik Röttsches <drott@google.com>
 #Report Bugs here: https://github.com/fcrozat/acme.sh
 #
 ########  Public functions #####################
@@ -36,9 +37,7 @@ dns_gandi_livedns_add() {
   _debug domain "$_domain"
   _debug sub_domain "$_sub_domain"
 
-  _gandi_livedns_rest PUT "domains/$_domain/records/$_sub_domain/TXT" "{\"rrset_ttl\": 300, \"rrset_values\":[\"$txtvalue\"]}" \
-    && _contains "$response" '{"message": "DNS Record Created"}' \
-    && _info "Add $(__green "success")"
+  _dns_gandi_append_record "$_domain" "$_sub_domain" "$txtvalue"
 }
 
 #Usage: fulldomain txtvalue
@@ -56,9 +55,23 @@ dns_gandi_livedns_rm() {
   _debug fulldomain "$fulldomain"
   _debug domain "$_domain"
   _debug sub_domain "$_sub_domain"
+  _debug txtvalue "$txtvalue"
 
-  _gandi_livedns_rest DELETE "domains/$_domain/records/$_sub_domain/TXT" ""
+  if ! _dns_gandi_existing_rrset_values "$_domain" "$_sub_domain"; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  _new_rrset_values=$(echo "$_rrset_values" | sed "s/...$txtvalue...//g")
+  # Cleanup dangling commata.
+  _new_rrset_values=$(echo "$_new_rrset_values" | sed "s/, ,/ ,/g")
+  _new_rrset_values=$(echo "$_new_rrset_values" | sed "s/, *\]/\]/g")
+  _new_rrset_values=$(echo "$_new_rrset_values" | sed "s/\[ *,/\[/g")
+  _debug "New rrset_values" "$_new_rrset_values"
 
+  _gandi_livedns_rest PUT \
+    "domains/$_domain/records/$_sub_domain/TXT" \
+    "{\"rrset_ttl\": 300, \"rrset_values\": $_new_rrset_values}" \
+    && _contains "$response" '{"message": "DNS Record Created"}' \
+    && _info "Removing record $(__green "success")"
 }
 
 ####################  Private functions below ##################################
@@ -98,6 +111,45 @@ _get_root() {
   return 1
 }
 
+_dns_gandi_append_record() {
+  domain=$1
+  sub_domain=$2
+  txtvalue=$3
+
+  if _dns_gandi_existing_rrset_values "$domain" "$sub_domain"; then
+    _debug "Appending new value"
+    _rrset_values=$(echo "$_rrset_values" | sed "s/\"]/\",\"$txtvalue\"]/")
+  else
+    _debug "Creating new record" "$_rrset_values"
+    _rrset_values="[\"$txtvalue\"]"
+  fi
+  _debug new_rrset_values "$_rrset_values"
+  _gandi_livedns_rest PUT "domains/$_domain/records/$sub_domain/TXT" \
+    "{\"rrset_ttl\": 300, \"rrset_values\": $_rrset_values}" \
+    && _contains "$response" '{"message": "DNS Record Created"}' \
+    && _info "Adding record $(__green "success")"
+}
+
+_dns_gandi_existing_rrset_values() {
+  domain=$1
+  sub_domain=$2
+  if ! _gandi_livedns_rest GET "domains/$domain/records/$sub_domain"; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if ! _contains "$response" '"rrset_type": "TXT"'; then
+    _debug "Does not have a _acme-challenge TXT record yet."
+    return 1
+  fi
+  if _contains "$response" '"rrset_values": \[\]'; then
+    _debug "Empty rrset_values for TXT record, no previous TXT record."
+    return 1
+  fi
+  _debug "Already has TXT record."
+  _rrset_values=$(echo "$response" | _egrep_o 'rrset_values.*\[.*\]' \
+    | _egrep_o '\[".*\"]')
+  return 0
+}
+
 _gandi_livedns_rest() {
   m=$1
   ep="$2"
diff --git a/dnsapi/dns_hostingde.sh b/dnsapi/dns_hostingde.sh
index 39bcfb63..74a472d2 100644
--- a/dnsapi/dns_hostingde.sh
+++ b/dnsapi/dns_hostingde.sh
@@ -74,8 +74,26 @@ _hostingde_getZoneConfig() {
   return $returnCode
 }
 
+_hostingde_getZoneStatus() {
+  _debug "Checking Zone status"
+  curData="{\"filter\":{\"field\":\"zoneConfigId\",\"value\":\"${zoneConfigId}\"},\"limit\":1,\"authToken\":\"${HOSTINGDE_APIKEY}\"}"
+  curResult="$(_post "${curData}" "${HOSTINGDE_ENDPOINT}/api/dns/v1/json/zonesFind")"
+  _debug "Calling zonesFind '${curData}' '${HOSTINGDE_ENDPOINT}/api/dns/v1/json/zonesFind'"
+  _debug "Result of zonesFind '$curResult'"
+  zoneStatus=$(echo "${curResult}" | grep -v success | _egrep_o '"status":.*' | cut -d ':' -f 2 | cut -d '"' -f 2)
+  _debug "zoneStatus '${zoneStatus}'"
+  return 0
+}
+
 _hostingde_addRecord() {
   _info "Adding record to zone"
+  _hostingde_getZoneStatus
+  _debug "Result of zoneStatus: '${zoneStatus}'"
+  while [ "${zoneStatus}" != "active" ]; do
+    _sleep 5
+    _hostingde_getZoneStatus
+    _debug "Result of zoneStatus: '${zoneStatus}'"
+  done
   curData="{\"authToken\":\"${HOSTINGDE_APIKEY}\",\"zoneConfig\":{\"id\":\"${zoneConfigId}\"},\"recordsToAdd\":[{\"name\":\"${fulldomain}\",\"type\":\"TXT\",\"content\":\"\\\"${txtvalue}\\\"\",\"ttl\":3600}]}"
   curResult="$(_post "${curData}" "${HOSTINGDE_ENDPOINT}/api/dns/v1/json/zoneUpdate")"
   _debug "Calling zoneUpdate: '${curData}' '${HOSTINGDE_ENDPOINT}/api/dns/v1/json/zoneUpdate'"
@@ -93,6 +111,13 @@ _hostingde_addRecord() {
 
 _hostingde_removeRecord() {
   _info "Removing record from zone"
+  _hostingde_getZoneStatus
+  _debug "Result of zoneStatus: '$zoneStatus'"
+  while [ "$zoneStatus" != "active" ]; do
+    _sleep 5
+    _hostingde_getZoneStatus
+    _debug "Result of zoneStatus: '$zoneStatus'"
+  done
   curData="{\"authToken\":\"${HOSTINGDE_APIKEY}\",\"zoneConfig\":{\"id\":\"${zoneConfigId}\"},\"recordsToDelete\":[{\"name\":\"${fulldomain}\",\"type\":\"TXT\",\"content\":\"\\\"${txtvalue}\\\"\"}]}"
   curResult="$(_post "${curData}" "${HOSTINGDE_ENDPOINT}/api/dns/v1/json/zoneUpdate")"
   _debug "Calling zoneUpdate: '${curData}' '${HOSTINGDE_ENDPOINT}/api/dns/v1/json/zoneUpdate'"
diff --git a/dnsapi/dns_linode.sh b/dnsapi/dns_linode.sh
index d03e6c47..ead5b164 100755
--- a/dnsapi/dns_linode.sh
+++ b/dnsapi/dns_linode.sh
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 
 #Author: Philipp Grosswiler <philipp.grosswiler@swiss-design.net>
 
-LINODE_API_URL="https://api.linode.com/v4/domains"
+LINODE_API_URL="https://api.linode.com/?api_key=$LINODE_API_KEY&api_action="
 
 ########  Public functions #####################
 
@@ -27,14 +27,10 @@ dns_linode_add() {
   _debug _sub_domain "$_sub_domain"
   _debug _domain "$_domain"
 
-  _payload="{
-              \"type\": \"TXT\",
-              \"name\": \"$_sub_domain\",
-              \"target\": \"$txtvalue\"
-            }"
+  _parameters="&DomainID=$_domain_id&Type=TXT&Name=$_sub_domain&Target=$txtvalue"
 
-  if _rest POST "/$_domain_id/records" "$_payload" && [ -n "$response" ]; then
-    _resource_id=$(printf "%s\n" "$response" | _egrep_o "\"id\":\s*[0-9]+" | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d " " | _head_n 1)
+  if _rest GET "domain.resource.create" "$_parameters" && [ -n "$response" ]; then
+    _resource_id=$(printf "%s\n" "$response" | _egrep_o "\"ResourceID\":\s*[0-9]+" | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d " " | _head_n 1)
     _debug _resource_id "$_resource_id"
 
     if [ -z "$_resource_id" ]; then
@@ -69,21 +65,25 @@ dns_linode_rm() {
   _debug _sub_domain "$_sub_domain"
   _debug _domain "$_domain"
 
-  if _rest GET "/$_domain_id/records" && [ -n "$response" ]; then
+  _parameters="&DomainID=$_domain_id"
+
+  if _rest GET "domain.resource.list" "$_parameters" && [ -n "$response" ]; then
     response="$(echo "$response" | tr -d "\n" | tr '{' "|" | sed 's/|/&{/g' | tr "|" "\n")"
 
-    resource="$(echo "$response" | _egrep_o "{.*\"name\":\s*\"$_sub_domain\".*}")"
+    resource="$(echo "$response" | _egrep_o "{.*\"NAME\":\s*\"$_sub_domain\".*}")"
     if [ "$resource" ]; then
-      _resource_id=$(printf "%s\n" "$resource" | _egrep_o "\"id\":\s*[0-9]+" | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d \ )
+      _resource_id=$(printf "%s\n" "$resource" | _egrep_o "\"RESOURCEID\":\s*[0-9]+" | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d \ )
       if [ "$_resource_id" ]; then
         _debug _resource_id "$_resource_id"
 
-        if _rest DELETE "/$_domain_id/records/$_resource_id" && [ -n "$response" ]; then
-          # On 200/OK, empty set is returned. Check for error, if any.
-          _error_response=$(printf "%s\n" "$response" | _egrep_o "\"errors\"" | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d " " | _head_n 1)
+        _parameters="&DomainID=$_domain_id&ResourceID=$_resource_id"
 
-          if [ -n "$_error_response" ]; then
-            _err "Error deleting the domain resource: $_error_response"
+        if _rest GET "domain.resource.delete" "$_parameters" && [ -n "$response" ]; then
+          _resource_id=$(printf "%s\n" "$response" | _egrep_o "\"ResourceID\":\s*[0-9]+" | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d " " | _head_n 1)
+          _debug _resource_id "$_resource_id"
+
+          if [ -z "$_resource_id" ]; then
+            _err "Error deleting the domain resource."
             return 1
           fi
 
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ _get_root() {
   i=2
   p=1
 
-  if _rest GET; then
+  if _rest GET "domain.list"; then
     response="$(echo "$response" | tr -d "\n" | tr '{' "|" | sed 's/|/&{/g' | tr "|" "\n")"
     while true; do
       h=$(printf "%s" "$domain" | cut -d . -f $i-100)
@@ -137,9 +137,9 @@ _get_root() {
         return 1
       fi
 
-      hostedzone="$(echo "$response" | _egrep_o "{.*\"domain\":\s*\"$h\".*}")"
+      hostedzone="$(echo "$response" | _egrep_o "{.*\"DOMAIN\":\s*\"$h\".*}")"
       if [ "$hostedzone" ]; then
-        _domain_id=$(printf "%s\n" "$hostedzone" | _egrep_o "\"id\":\s*[0-9]+" | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d \ )
+        _domain_id=$(printf "%s\n" "$hostedzone" | _egrep_o "\"DOMAINID\":\s*[0-9]+" | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d \ )
         if [ "$_domain_id" ]; then
           _sub_domain=$(printf "%s" "$domain" | cut -d . -f 1-$p)
           _domain=$h
@@ -165,7 +165,6 @@ _rest() {
 
   export _H1="Accept: application/json"
   export _H2="Content-Type: application/json"
-  export _H3="Authorization: Bearer $LINODE_API_KEY"
 
   if [ "$mtd" != "GET" ]; then
     # both POST and DELETE.
diff --git a/dnsapi/dns_linode_v4.sh b/dnsapi/dns_linode_v4.sh
new file mode 100755
index 00000000..dfa1a651
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dnsapi/dns_linode_v4.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env sh
+
+#Original Author: Philipp Grosswiler <philipp.grosswiler@swiss-design.net>
+#v4 Update Author: Aaron W. Swenson <aaron@grandmasfridge.org>
+
+LINODE_V4_API_URL="https://api.linode.com/v4/domains"
+
+########  Public functions #####################
+
+#Usage: dns_linode_add   _acme-challenge.www.domain.com   "XKrxpRBosdIKFzxW_CT3KLZNf6q0HG9i01zxXp5CPBs"
+dns_linode_add() {
+  fulldomain="${1}"
+  txtvalue="${2}"
+
+  if ! _Linode_API; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  _info "Using Linode"
+  _debug "Calling: dns_linode_add() '${fulldomain}' '${txtvalue}'"
+
+  _debug "First detect the root zone"
+  if ! _get_root "$fulldomain"; then
+    _err "Domain does not exist."
+    return 1
+  fi
+  _debug _domain_id "$_domain_id"
+  _debug _sub_domain "$_sub_domain"
+  _debug _domain "$_domain"
+
+  _payload="{
+              \"type\": \"TXT\",
+              \"name\": \"$_sub_domain\",
+              \"target\": \"$txtvalue\"
+            }"
+
+  if _rest POST "/$_domain_id/records" "$_payload" && [ -n "$response" ]; then
+    _resource_id=$(printf "%s\n" "$response" | _egrep_o "\"id\":\s*[0-9]+" | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d " " | _head_n 1)
+    _debug _resource_id "$_resource_id"
+
+    if [ -z "$_resource_id" ]; then
+      _err "Error adding the domain resource."
+      return 1
+    fi
+
+    _info "Domain resource successfully added."
+    return 0
+  fi
+
+  return 1
+}
+
+#Usage: dns_linode_rm   _acme-challenge.www.domain.com
+dns_linode_rm() {
+  fulldomain="${1}"
+
+  if ! _Linode_API; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  _info "Using Linode"
+  _debug "Calling: dns_linode_rm() '${fulldomain}'"
+
+  _debug "First detect the root zone"
+  if ! _get_root "$fulldomain"; then
+    _err "Domain does not exist."
+    return 1
+  fi
+  _debug _domain_id "$_domain_id"
+  _debug _sub_domain "$_sub_domain"
+  _debug _domain "$_domain"
+
+  if _rest GET "/$_domain_id/records" && [ -n "$response" ]; then
+    response="$(echo "$response" | tr -d "\n" | tr '{' "|" | sed 's/|/&{/g' | tr "|" "\n")"
+
+    resource="$(echo "$response" | _egrep_o "{.*\"name\":\s*\"$_sub_domain\".*}")"
+    if [ "$resource" ]; then
+      _resource_id=$(printf "%s\n" "$resource" | _egrep_o "\"id\":\s*[0-9]+" | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d \ )
+      if [ "$_resource_id" ]; then
+        _debug _resource_id "$_resource_id"
+
+        if _rest DELETE "/$_domain_id/records/$_resource_id" && [ -n "$response" ]; then
+          # On 200/OK, empty set is returned. Check for error, if any.
+          _error_response=$(printf "%s\n" "$response" | _egrep_o "\"errors\"" | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d " " | _head_n 1)
+
+          if [ -n "$_error_response" ]; then
+            _err "Error deleting the domain resource: $_error_response"
+            return 1
+          fi
+
+          _info "Domain resource successfully deleted."
+          return 0
+        fi
+      fi
+
+      return 1
+    fi
+
+    return 0
+  fi
+
+  return 1
+}
+
+####################  Private functions below ##################################
+
+_Linode_API() {
+  if [ -z "$LINODE_V4_API_KEY" ]; then
+    LINODE_V4_API_KEY=""
+
+    _err "You didn't specify the Linode v4 API key yet."
+    _err "Please create your key and try again."
+
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  _saveaccountconf LINODE_V4_API_KEY "$LINODE_V4_API_KEY"
+}
+
+####################  Private functions below ##################################
+#_acme-challenge.www.domain.com
+#returns
+# _sub_domain=_acme-challenge.www
+# _domain=domain.com
+# _domain_id=12345
+_get_root() {
+  domain=$1
+  i=2
+  p=1
+
+  if _rest GET; then
+    response="$(echo "$response" | tr -d "\n" | tr '{' "|" | sed 's/|/&{/g' | tr "|" "\n")"
+    while true; do
+      h=$(printf "%s" "$domain" | cut -d . -f $i-100)
+      _debug h "$h"
+      if [ -z "$h" ]; then
+        #not valid
+        return 1
+      fi
+
+      hostedzone="$(echo "$response" | _egrep_o "{.*\"domain\":\s*\"$h\".*}")"
+      if [ "$hostedzone" ]; then
+        _domain_id=$(printf "%s\n" "$hostedzone" | _egrep_o "\"id\":\s*[0-9]+" | _head_n 1 | cut -d : -f 2 | tr -d \ )
+        if [ "$_domain_id" ]; then
+          _sub_domain=$(printf "%s" "$domain" | cut -d . -f 1-$p)
+          _domain=$h
+          return 0
+        fi
+        return 1
+      fi
+      p=$i
+      i=$(_math "$i" + 1)
+    done
+  fi
+  return 1
+}
+
+#method method action data
+_rest() {
+  mtd="$1"
+  ep="$2"
+  data="$3"
+
+  _debug mtd "$mtd"
+  _debug ep "$ep"
+
+  export _H1="Accept: application/json"
+  export _H2="Content-Type: application/json"
+  export _H3="Authorization: Bearer $LINODE_V4_API_KEY"
+
+  if [ "$mtd" != "GET" ]; then
+    # both POST and DELETE.
+    _debug data "$data"
+    response="$(_post "$data" "$LINODE_V4_API_URL$ep" "" "$mtd")"
+  else
+    response="$(_get "$LINODE_V4_API_URL$ep$data")"
+  fi
+
+  if [ "$?" != "0" ]; then
+    _err "error $ep"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  _debug2 response "$response"
+  return 0
+}
diff --git a/dnsapi/dns_loopia.sh b/dnsapi/dns_loopia.sh
index 5d761187..ece5ef8c 100644
--- a/dnsapi/dns_loopia.sh
+++ b/dnsapi/dns_loopia.sh
@@ -38,8 +38,8 @@ dns_loopia_add() {
 
   _info "Adding record"
 
-  _loopia_add_record "$_domain" "$_sub_domain"
-  _loopia_update_record "$_domain" "$_sub_domain" "$txtvalue"
+  _loopia_add_sub_domain "$_domain" "$_sub_domain"
+  _loopia_add_record "$_domain" "$_sub_domain" "$txtvalue"
 
 }
 
@@ -96,6 +96,37 @@ dns_loopia_rm() {
 
 ####################  Private functions below ##################################
 
+_loopia_get_records() {
+  domain=$1
+  sub_domain=$2
+
+  xml_content=$(printf '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+  <methodCall>
+    <methodName>getZoneRecords</methodName>
+    <params>
+      <param>
+        <value><string>%s</string></value>
+      </param>
+      <param>
+        <value><string>%s</string></value>
+      </param>
+      <param>
+        <value><string>%s</string></value>
+      </param>
+      <param>
+        <value><string>%s</string></value>
+      </param>
+    </params>
+  </methodCall>' $LOOPIA_User $LOOPIA_Password "$domain" "$sub_domain")
+
+  response="$(_post "$xml_content" "$LOOPIA_Api" "" "POST")"
+  if ! _contains "$response" "<array>"; then
+    _err "Error"
+    return 1
+  fi
+  return 0
+}
+
 _get_root() {
   domain=$1
   _debug "get root"
@@ -137,14 +168,14 @@ _get_root() {
 
 }
 
-_loopia_update_record() {
+_loopia_add_record() {
   domain=$1
   sub_domain=$2
   txtval=$3
 
   xml_content=$(printf '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
   <methodCall>
-    <methodName>updateZoneRecord</methodName>
+    <methodName>addZoneRecord</methodName>
     <params>
       <param>
         <value><string>%s</string></value>
@@ -176,10 +207,6 @@ _loopia_update_record() {
             <name>rdata</name>
             <value><string>%s</string></value>
           </member>
-          <member>
-            <name>record_id</name>
-            <value><int>0</int></value>
-          </member>
         </struct>
       </param>
     </params>
@@ -194,10 +221,42 @@ _loopia_update_record() {
   return 0
 }
 
-_loopia_add_record() {
+_sub_domain_exists() {
   domain=$1
   sub_domain=$2
 
+  xml_content=$(printf '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+  <methodCall>
+    <methodName>getSubdomains</methodName>
+    <params>
+      <param>
+        <value><string>%s</string></value>
+      </param>
+      <param>
+        <value><string>%s</string></value>
+      </param>
+      <param>
+        <value><string>%s</string></value>
+      </param>
+    </params>
+  </methodCall>' $LOOPIA_User $LOOPIA_Password "$domain")
+
+  response="$(_post "$xml_content" "$LOOPIA_Api" "" "POST")"
+
+  if _contains "$response" "$sub_domain"; then
+    return 0
+  fi
+  return 1
+}
+
+_loopia_add_sub_domain() {
+  domain=$1
+  sub_domain=$2
+
+  if _sub_domain_exists "$domain" "$sub_domain"; then
+    return 0
+  fi
+
   xml_content=$(printf '<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
   <methodCall>
     <methodName>addSubdomain</methodName>
diff --git a/dnsapi/dns_namecheap.sh b/dnsapi/dns_namecheap.sh
index 7089c2d0..a6651be6 100755
--- a/dnsapi/dns_namecheap.sh
+++ b/dnsapi/dns_namecheap.sh
@@ -199,9 +199,12 @@ _namecheap_check_config() {
 _set_namecheap_TXT() {
   subdomain=$2
   txt=$3
-  tld=$(echo "$1" | cut -d '.' -f 2)
-  sld=$(echo "$1" | cut -d '.' -f 1)
-  request="namecheap.domains.dns.getHosts&SLD=$sld&TLD=$tld"
+
+  if ! _namecheap_set_tld_sld "$1"; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  request="namecheap.domains.dns.getHosts&SLD=${_sld}&TLD=${_tld}"
 
   if ! _namecheap_post "$request"; then
     _err "$error"
@@ -231,7 +234,7 @@ EOT
 
   _debug hostrequestfinal "$_hostrequest"
 
-  request="namecheap.domains.dns.setHosts&SLD=${sld}&TLD=${tld}${_hostrequest}"
+  request="namecheap.domains.dns.setHosts&SLD=${_sld}&TLD=${_tld}${_hostrequest}"
 
   if ! _namecheap_post "$request"; then
     _err "$error"
@@ -244,9 +247,12 @@ EOT
 _del_namecheap_TXT() {
   subdomain=$2
   txt=$3
-  tld=$(echo "$1" | cut -d '.' -f 2)
-  sld=$(echo "$1" | cut -d '.' -f 1)
-  request="namecheap.domains.dns.getHosts&SLD=$sld&TLD=$tld"
+
+  if ! _namecheap_set_tld_sld "$1"; then
+    return 1
+  fi
+
+  request="namecheap.domains.dns.getHosts&SLD=${_sld}&TLD=${_tld}"
 
   if ! _namecheap_post "$request"; then
     _err "$error"
@@ -286,7 +292,7 @@ EOT
 
   _debug hostrequestfinal "$_hostrequest"
 
-  request="namecheap.domains.dns.setHosts&SLD=${sld}&TLD=${tld}${_hostrequest}"
+  request="namecheap.domains.dns.setHosts&SLD=${_sld}&TLD=${_tld}${_hostrequest}"
 
   if ! _namecheap_post "$request"; then
     _err "$error"
@@ -306,3 +312,45 @@ _namecheap_add_host() {
   _hostindex=$(_math "$_hostindex" + 1)
   _hostrequest=$(printf '%s&HostName%d=%s&RecordType%d=%s&Address%d=%s&MXPref%d=%d&TTL%d=%d' "$_hostrequest" "$_hostindex" "$1" "$_hostindex" "$2" "$_hostindex" "$3" "$_hostindex" "$4" "$_hostindex" "$5")
 }
+
+_namecheap_set_tld_sld() {
+  domain=$1
+  _tld=""
+  _sld=""
+
+  i=2
+
+  while true; do
+
+    _tld=$(printf "%s" "$domain" | cut -d . -f $i-100)
+    _debug tld "$_tld"
+
+    if [ -z "$_tld" ]; then
+      _debug "invalid tld"
+      return 1
+    fi
+
+    j=$(_math "$i" - 1)
+
+    _sld=$(printf "%s" "$domain" | cut -d . -f 1-"$j")
+    _debug sld "$_sld"
+
+    if [ -z "$_sld" ]; then
+      _debug "invalid sld"
+      return 1
+    fi
+
+    request="namecheap.domains.dns.getHosts&SLD=$_sld&TLD=$_tld"
+
+    if ! _namecheap_post "$request"; then
+      _debug "sld($_sld)/tld($_tld) not found"
+    else
+      _debug "sld($_sld)/tld($_tld) found"
+      return 0
+    fi
+
+    i=$(_math "$i" + 1)
+
+  done
+
+}
diff --git a/dnsapi/dns_nsupdate.sh b/dnsapi/dns_nsupdate.sh
index 555f4d29..8b479f98 100755
--- a/dnsapi/dns_nsupdate.sh
+++ b/dnsapi/dns_nsupdate.sh
@@ -13,12 +13,24 @@ dns_nsupdate_add() {
   _saveaccountconf NSUPDATE_SERVER "${NSUPDATE_SERVER}"
   _saveaccountconf NSUPDATE_SERVER_PORT "${NSUPDATE_SERVER_PORT}"
   _saveaccountconf NSUPDATE_KEY "${NSUPDATE_KEY}"
+  _saveaccountconf NSUPDATE_ZONE "${NSUPDATE_ZONE}"
   _info "adding ${fulldomain}. 60 in txt \"${txtvalue}\""
-  nsupdate -k "${NSUPDATE_KEY}" <<EOF
+  [ -n "$DEBUG" ] && [ "$DEBUG" -ge "$DEBUG_LEVEL_1" ] && nsdebug="-d"
+  [ -n "$DEBUG" ] && [ "$DEBUG" -ge "$DEBUG_LEVEL_2" ] && nsdebug="-D"
+  if [ -z "${NSUPDATE_ZONE}" ]; then
+    nsupdate -k "${NSUPDATE_KEY}" $nsdebug <<EOF
 server ${NSUPDATE_SERVER}  ${NSUPDATE_SERVER_PORT} 
 update add ${fulldomain}. 60 in txt "${txtvalue}"
 send
 EOF
+  else
+    nsupdate -k "${NSUPDATE_KEY}" $nsdebug <<EOF
+server ${NSUPDATE_SERVER}  ${NSUPDATE_SERVER_PORT}
+zone ${NSUPDATE_ZONE}.
+update add ${fulldomain}. 60 in txt "${txtvalue}"
+send
+EOF
+  fi
   if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
     _err "error updating domain"
     return 1
@@ -34,11 +46,22 @@ dns_nsupdate_rm() {
   [ -n "${NSUPDATE_SERVER}" ] || NSUPDATE_SERVER="localhost"
   [ -n "${NSUPDATE_SERVER_PORT}" ] || NSUPDATE_SERVER_PORT=53
   _info "removing ${fulldomain}. txt"
-  nsupdate -k "${NSUPDATE_KEY}" <<EOF
+  [ -n "$DEBUG" ] && [ "$DEBUG" -ge "$DEBUG_LEVEL_1" ] && nsdebug="-d"
+  [ -n "$DEBUG" ] && [ "$DEBUG" -ge "$DEBUG_LEVEL_2" ] && nsdebug="-D"
+  if [ -z "${NSUPDATE_ZONE}" ]; then
+    nsupdate -k "${NSUPDATE_KEY}" $nsdebug <<EOF
 server ${NSUPDATE_SERVER}  ${NSUPDATE_SERVER_PORT} 
 update delete ${fulldomain}. txt
 send
 EOF
+  else
+    nsupdate -k "${NSUPDATE_KEY}" $nsdebug <<EOF
+server ${NSUPDATE_SERVER}  ${NSUPDATE_SERVER_PORT}
+zone ${NSUPDATE_ZONE}.
+update delete ${fulldomain}. txt
+send
+EOF
+  fi
   if [ $? -ne 0 ]; then
     _err "error updating domain"
     return 1